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Who really resisted Nazism and fascism during the WWII (2)

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Who really resisted Nazism and fascism during the WWII(2)

The resistance movement in Europe during WWII  played an important part in defeating Nazi Germany’s military might. The resistance movements – Europe’s secret armies or partisans .  were found in all Nazi-occupied countries, also occurred in Poland, Yugoslavia, Greece and Rumania. Within Western Europe, many would-be resistance fighters joined the communist resistance simply because it was seen as being the most successful. According to Jean-Louis Charles, Right from the start, communist resistance achieved a remarkable cohesion and efficiency because they had long been used to working underground.”   It is ridiculous and non sense to say, contrary to false insinuation uttered by the dominant anti-communist historiography, that the Communist resistance began only  in June 1941 with the starting of Operation Barbarossa and by order of Stalin.  What it would be fair to say that at the beginning, for fear of communism and in order to thwart the communist influence and to prevent any potential communist leading role in social unrest and social revolution, the ruling class in Britain, in the United States did its best by setting up rival anti-communist groups whose aim was less to combat  Nazi occupation than to resist the communist resistance itself. The French and British Munichards and the ruling class in the United States had done their best before the war, by allowing Nazi Germany’s rearmaments, by financial relief for War settlement obtained thanks to the two American Plans Dawes and Young, with the sole objective, helping Hitler to smash Bolshevism and to conquer the Soviet Union. the great landowners, aristocrats industrialists, bankers, high churchmen army leaders magnates of very kind in western Europe and the United States had never lost their fear of their own workers and peasants who might be the fuel for social revolution, perhaps one spearheaded and organized by communists. Paris and London sought to speed Hitler’s march and helped place within his grasp the necessary power for an attack upon the Soviet Union by opening the Balkans required to feed the Nazi war machine. Western elite’s support of Nazism and fascism was conceived as a force which would defeat communism and this support could explain the lack of fighting in the West during the winter but also the rise of communist resistance as natural and logical response to Nazism and fascism. Annie Lacroix-Riz’s new book, « les élites françaises de 1940 à 1944, de la collaboration avec l’Allemagne à l’alliance américaine », available since April 26 and of which I’m preparing a review, explains and exposes, thanks to its abundant archives research, how the French elites had actively collaborated not only after the 1940’s Blitzkrieg but since Hitler’s accession to the power in Germany in January 1933.

The history of the Second World War give us many examples showing that the hidden objective of the ruling class in the United states and Britain was not at all the defeat of Nazism and fascism in Europe but only to prevent the spread of communism on the continent and the conquest of power by the communist movements of resistance. First example is Italy. After Mussolini’s fall on July 25, 1943, American and British ruling class intervened in Italy in order to prevent the taking of power by communist resistance and the return of the Italina Communist leader Palmiro Togliattiwho had been in exile in Moscow during the Fascist era,  . After rebuffing the strong popular demand for the king’s abdication, they set up a government led by Marshal Bodoglio and Churchill in an address on February 22, 1944, gave the King support. In order to keep safe from communism in Italy, the Anglo-American ruling class deferred social and economic reform and instead of welcoming the Italian resistance fighters in the North as brothers, the first thing that they did was they disarmed them wherever as republicans and reds who migyhr cause trouble.

In Greece,  on December 3, 1944, after sixty-three days of fighting, Churchill crushed the communist resistance of EAM, a political movement of resistance against the German invaders and paved the way to civil war in Athens.  Churchill, took personal charge of its suppression by supporting general Vendiras who was bitterly anti-communist  and organized a new third brigade often called the Mountain brigade  with British backing on a purely royalist basis . In Greece, EAM had swept nearly the whole country but in order to thwart this popular and strong communist movement of resistance, Churchill helped the formation of a rival movement grouping Conservatives and Rightists who created with the of British General Scobie, after the British troops landed in Greece at the of September 1944, the Royalists Greek Brigade, the New National Guard. On December 4, 1944, Churchill decided in lieu of King George, the setting up of new Cabinet led by Themostocles Sofoulis.

 

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Who really resisted Nazism and fascism during the WWII (1)

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Who really resisted Nazism and fascism during the WWII (1)

If the French is not a myth but a reality witnessed by the history of this period where France was under Nazi occupation, in the other hand, the lion’s share attributed to  Gaullist resistance in the dominant historiography  is of course a mere mythology owing to its main objective consisting of hiding or at least of minimizing the key and determinant role played by Communist resistance in the liberation of France from the Nazi occupation. This historical bias and the willingness to falsify the history of this period can be easily understood in the framework of  the Pax Americana and the United States anti-Communist Second Crusade in the aftermath of the WWII. The new book of the French historian Annie Lacroix-Riz whose new book « les élites françaises de 1940 à 1944, de la collaboration avec l’Allemagne à l’alliance américaine » throwing a new light on this period of the French history might give us in the same the time the main reasons underpinning the mythology of the Gaullist resistance and even behind it, British and American resistance against the « Anti-Comintern Pact » grouping German Nazi, Fascist Italy and imperialist Japan. In the following posts, I’m going to review Annie Lacroix-Riz’s new book and I will try to show its importance both from epistemogical and historical stand-point.

At First, the Gaullist resistance must be dealt with in its relationships to its British and American begetters and their hidden strategy by entering the Second World War. Of course, Britain had been attacked by Hitler who failed to invade as was the case with France. In this case, one can perfectly the resistant posture of Winston Churchill as resister against Nazi invasion of his country. But Churchill’s aim, that of his predecessor premier the appeaser, Neville Chamberlain and the British establishment general which had compromised and even encouraged and actively helped Hitler take the power in Germany had their own hidden agenda which was the crushing the Bolshevism and the Soviet Union.  Frankly, after 1940’s Blitzkrieg, the first that mattered for the ruling class and the political establishment in London and Paris was not at all the resistance against Hitler and Nazi Germany but to prevent a social and communist revolution inside France and Britain, refereeing to the Russian case during the WWI.  After the Blitzkrieg, London and Paris did not want to fight Hitler because France and Britain did no want destroy authoritarian systems, Nazism in Germany and fascism in Italy considered as the principal rampart  against the Soviet regime in Moscow. The Collaboration between Nazi Germany Fascist Italy and the so called western democracies did not date only from Hitler’s Blitzkrieg but it went back to the Bolshevik revolution and during the interwar Years period.  After the blitzkrieg of 1940, the ruling class both in France,  in Britain and in the United States continued its economic, military and political collaboration with Nazi Germany and it perpetuated its  policy of appeasement which was practiced before the war and since Hitler accession to power in Germany. How did we explain the posture of the conservative British Government under the conservative leader Winston Churchill who in the midst of  s desperate war, committed, according the Beveridge Report drafted in 1942, to implement a comprehensive welfare state and full employment if not by the fear of social and communist revolution inside Britain as it was the case in Russia during the First World War ? In short words, the resistance of Western statesmen in the United States, in Britain and in France is a mere mythology, because it was unconceivable that the ruling class in these countries might resist and combat Nazism and Fascism, those regimes with which they share  the same beliefs, the same prejudices, and the same convictions on the superiority of the white races over other non European races.

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Rethinking the History with Annie Lacroix-Riz (1)

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Rethinking the History with Annie Lacroix-Riz (1)

« Les élites françaises entre 1940 et 1944 »,

« de la collaboration avec l’Allemagne à l’alliance américaine » , Paris, Armand Colin, 496 pages, available on April 26, 2016

 

« The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it. The ruling ideas are nothing more than the ideal expression of the dominant material relation relationships, the dominant material relationships grasped as ideas ; hence of the relationships which make the one class the ruling one, therefore, the ideas of its dominance…Insofar, therefore, as they rule as a class and determine the extent and compass of an epoch, it is self-evident that they do this in its whole range, hence among other things rule also as thinkers, as producers of ideas, and regulate the production and distribution of the ideas of their age : thus their ideas are the ruling ideas of the epoch« 

I’m sorry for this long quotation extract from Karl Marx’s « The German ideology », that I consider as the main principle that we must keep in mind for answering the question :  why reading the new book of  Annie Lacroix-Riz  » les élites françaises entre 1940 et 1944, de la collaboration avec l’Allemagne à l’allianace américaine »   » To be entirely clear,  this Marx’s famous assertion must be usefully completed by an intrinsically and  logically one,  that if it is true , the dominant ideas in every epoch is the ideas of the ruling class, it is also true that these dominant ideas of the ruling class had through the history and still today have their challengers, their swashbucklers, their overthrower and their grave-digger. Through the intellectual history, we can witness numerous cases of those heretics and refractors who firmly and courageously challenged the dominant ideas of their epoch and even they risked their own skin. The intellectual history provide us with several cases demonstrating the challenge opposed by Freethinkers to the dominant ideas of their epoch. I will pick out two names of freethinkers. The Italian Dominican friar , Giordano Bruno(1548-1600) had been considered as heretic by the Roman Inquisition and tried  for his cosmological theories offending the dominant Catholic tenet. Being found guilty, Bruno was burned in 1600 at the stake in Rome’s Campo de Fiori.  After his death, his cosmological theory on the infinity of the universe and the lack of celestial body at its centre has been confirmed. Marx was another example in the history of free thought. Karl Marx is another example of Free thinker who challenged the dominant ideas of his epoch and paved the way for rethinking otherwise the bourgeois society, its political economy and the history made by and through the class struggle. the high price paid for his free thinking was permanent persecution and exile from Brussels, to Paris and to London where he lived thank to financial aid of his friend Friedrich Engels and where he dead in the extreme need. We Know how Marxist thought became the driving force for all revolutionary and nationalist movements in their struggle against the Western imperialism all over the world and how it found its full achievement in the Russian revolution of 1917 and in the foundation of the first state in the history appealing to Marx and Lenin learning as ideological and political canvas of the newly Soviet regime.

At these two names choose among the free thinkers in the past, I would to add two other names who are my contemporaries too, that I consider as heroic resisters to the sirens and the trumpet of dominant ideas and the ambient intellectual conformism : The Italian philosopher Domenico Losurdo and the French historian, Annie Lacroix-Riz. Of course, only a careful and patient  reading of their abundant production could convince you of the relevance of my choose Here,, my focus concerns the historian Annie Lacroix-Riz at the occasion of his new book,  » Les élites françaises de 1940 à 1944, de la collaboration avec l’Allemagne à l’alliance américaine » whose review will be made in three parts and in reference to a precedent book  » Industriels et banquiers français sous l’occupation, 2013, first edition 1999) ,  which could help understanding the author’s core thesis.

 

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Totalitarianism according to the CIA sponsored western intelligentsia (4)

Congress for cultural frerdom

Totalitarianism according to the CIA sponsored western intelligentsia (4)

Before refuting one by one the huge literature related to totalitarianism shaped,  supported and funded  by the American CIA and the British IRD, as ideological and political weapon directed against not only the Soviet Union and international Communism but also and in the last resort against any revolutionary movements over the world, it will be useful to investigate the starting point of this very well imaginative and chimeric story invented out of nothing by American and British’s propaganda agencies in the aftermath of the Second World War. The founding fathers of totalitarianism’s story were indisputably by the CIA and the IRD created in the aftermath of the Second World War within the Framework of American and British governments struggle against their old Ally during the war, the Soviet Union and their willingness to contain both the communism and nationalist movements emerging from their fight against their old colonizers. The totalitarianism’s story sponsored by the CIA in the aftermath of the Second World War was elaborated through three successive steps. First, the making up of the idea of totalitarianism such as conceived by their strategists specialized in the psychological warfare benefiting from two world wars experiences. That was the first step. The Second step was the recruitment of an anti-communist intelligentsia in the United States and especially in Europe where the European intelligentsia being already inveigling by the idea of communism must be converted and  whose mission was to  denigrate the socialist achievement in the Soviet Union and to fabricate the black legend of Stalinism by spreading according to Pavlov’s theory of conditioned reflex Locke’s associate ideas, consisting through an intense and continued psychological war of creating an associating idea comparing Stalin to Hitler and Mussolini and putting in the same basket the Communist regime in the Soviet Union the Nazi regime in Germany and fascist regime in Italy.  The third step consists of financial support and the funding of myriad of networks and institutions enlisted by the CIA in its war again communism.

  1. Casting of Totalitarianism’s idea.  It is noteworthy to mention the key role played by the British propaganda agency, Information Research Department ( IRD), setting up in February 1948 by  Clement Attlee’s Government, which was in fact despite its  innocuous title,  « a secret Ministry of Cold War » ( Frances Stonor Saunders, who paid the piper, p. 59) and whose mission was to denigrate the Soviet experiment and  » to produce and distribute and circulate un attributable propaganda » (Ibid.p 59) The means implemented by IRD strategists consist of making up and compiling « factual » reports « for distribution amongst  members of the British intelligentsia who then expected to recycle these facts in their own work » (Ibid) In this anti-Soviet and anti-communist campaign, it was very important according to Stonor saunder to hide the provider of these fabricated facts in order « to achieve the widest possible circulation for IRD material whilst protecting the existence of an officially sanctioned and secretly funded anti-communist propaganda campaign about which the public knew nothing » . As plainly claimed by the Ralph Murray, IRD’s first chief, the facts voluntarily fabricated by his propaganda department  should be used as basic material at the disposal of the anti-communist recruits « engaged in the fabrication of propaganda directed against the Soviet Union » (F . Stonor Saunders, who paid the piper, p. 59). In short words, totalitarianism made CIA and IRD was born not from epistemological query about what is really this new study case which is totalitarianism but from a vast propaganda campaign waged by the governments of the United States and Britain against their old Ally during the Second World War, the Soviet Union, with the sole aim, turning aside the Western intelligentsia from communism and Marxism.
  2. Recruitment of supporters.  The second step concerns the recruitment and enlistment of anti-communist intelligentsia and the setting up of permanent and established institutions devoted to fight communism and the Soviet regime in Russia. I have already mention the name of William Henry Chamberlain and the formation of  a new scholarship branch, the Kremlinology by Charles Bohlen. At these two names, we must add a third name who played a key role in the spread of idea of totalitarianism among American and European intelligentsia,  the Hungarian-born renegade Arthur Koestler. The common characteristic of  these three men: all together had lived in Russia during the Bolshevik revolution onwards. That is why they became privileged target of the CIA and the IRD in their psychological warfare against communism and its intelligentsia in Western Europe. British’s IRD  recruited its first agent, the Hungarian-born, Arthur Koestler, whose role was to recruit other anti-communist warriors coming from  the left-wing politics. IRD’s propaganda campaign began with the publication in 1947 of Arthur Koestler’s Darkness at Moon », depicting the Soviet union as a terror regime and as vast camp of concentration. In 1948, the CIA supported and funded a lecture tour in the United States where he met high ranking chiefs in State Department and the CIA strategists  in the Psychological warfare.
  3. Funding groups and organizations committed to spread Totalitarianism’s idea. After the creation of the American Intelligence agency (CIA), a new department National Security  directive, NSC-68, was drafted in March 1950, by the new director of the Policy planning Staff, Paul Nitze who had replaced Kennan. This directive, NSC-68 aimed at spreading the « the superiority of the idea of freedom » and the « truth (which( also needs propaganda » (Frances Stonor Saunders, who paid the paiper, p. 97). For this purpose, the budgetary provisions planned by NSC-68 fixed the amount of $34 million to be spent on Psychological warfare in 1950 and was to be quadrupled during the coming years. This CIA’s money was to served to fund the psychological warfare against the Soviet Union and Communism through organizations such as the Congress for Cultural freedom and recruitment of anti-communist warriors especially among the Non-Communist Left in Western Europe. It was in this ideological context that took shape the idea of comparing two irreducible political and ideological system, the Soviet Union with Nazi Germany and fascist Italy and to put in the same basket the imperialist and racist doctrines of Nazism and Fascism with the principles of Soviet communism based on the abolition of exploitation of man by other men and the solidarity of the USSR with the colonized and oppressed peoples by western imperialism.
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Totalitarianism according to the CIA sponsored western intelligentsia (3)

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Totalitarianism according to the CIA sponsored western intelligentsia (3)

William Henry Chamberlain’s selection as « theorist » of Totalitarianism made CIA was not the fruit of hazard. Chamberlain’s case is interesting for both epistemological and historiographical point of view. From epistemological point of view, Chamberlain’s case illustrates Marx’s and also Michel Foucault’s analysis of the concomitant and intrinsic  relationship between knowledge and power and this Marx’s quotation remembers us that « the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling class ideas i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. the ideas  The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it. the ruling ideas are nothing more than the ideal expression of the dominant material relationships, the dominant material relationships grasped as ideas« 

From historiographical point of view, Chamberlain’s case illustrates also the revisionism in history and how a ruling class can change, mould, imbibe and impose its own reading and its own vision of the past and of the history as a whole. The American century dawned with thee eclipse of the British century. With the rise of the United States as the first imperialist power after the Second World War, the revisionism in history witnessed a new and intense period of revisionism with an ideological and Manichaean interpretation leaving no room for rationale and objective reconstruction of the era beginning with the triumph of the first plebeian revolution in the history and the advent of the first political economic and ideological power clamming the rule of the masses instead of feudal and bourgeois ruling class.  henceforth the reading of the history has been subjected to the texture of geopolitical conflicts and rivalry for imperialist hegemony. After the Second World War, revionnist themes and ideas began to dominate the intellectual sphere of the Western Intelligentsia on both ides of the Atlantic. It’s not to be wondered that US historiography along with its German counterpart, should be the main protagonist in the revisionist work. It is quite understandable a tendency to historiographical western revanchism. it is the history of the USSR that must be rewritten from the Bolshevik revolution to the end of the Second World War.

One can remember that before becoming CIA propagandist and renegade after the Second World War, William Henry Chamberlain witnessed the Russian revolution and wrote his seminal work  » The Russian revolution » in two volumes. For comparative study, and in order to understand Chamberlain’s intellectual volte face from a direct witness and an objective observer of the major historical event of modern history, the Russian revolution to a renegade and to an anti-communist  crusader recruited by the  CIA  after the second World War, it will be very interesting to read his » Communism and Fascism : offspring of the War » chapter 2 included in his « America’s second crusade » with  chapter VI titled Vladimir Ilyitch Lenin : genius of revolution » included in the « Russian revolution,  (The Russian revolution, Volume one 1917-1918, the overthrow of the Czar to the Assumption of power by the Bolsheviks, The Universal Library, 1952, first edition 1934.) where Vladimir Ilyitch Lenin is depicted as  » a supreme genius of revolutionary leadership » and boasted  indisputable and unquestionable  « political greatness of the main architect of these sweeping changes » p. 121. Another illustration of William Henry Chamberlain’s turnabout was his reductionism and his oversimplification of Lenin’s thought and action and of the class struggle during the Russian revolution which had been reduced, contrary to his early and first writings related to the Russian revolution, to dictator for Lenin compared to Mussolini and Hitler, to dictatorships of the sole ruling Communist party and to jail and banishment to all the other parties opposed to the communist dictatorship.

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Totalitarianism according to the CIA sponsored western intelligentsia (2)

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Totalitarianism according to the CIA sponsored western intelligentsia (2)

The theorist who shaped the notion of totalitarianism sponsored by the CIA and the American foreign policy decision makers during the second anti-communist crusade initiated by Winston Churchill and Harry Truman was indisputably the renegade William Henry Chamberlain who was journalist during the Bolshevik revolution and who knew very well and frequented its leaders especially Lenin. After his turnabout and after becoming a renegade after the Second World War, he been recruited like all renegades and Trotskyists and had been enlisted like American and European intelligentsia in its struggle and ideological and psychosocial warfare against the Soviet Union and the International communism. like all renegades et especially those who were presents in Russia during the Interwar years was the preferred target of the CIA and the American foreign policy’s decisions makers. William Henry Chamberlain had been one the founding fathers of the second anti-communist crusade camouflaging under the expression of Cold war to make believe that there was war between two parties  while there was only one attacker trying desperately to crush the defender. Chamberlain found with one, like him, who was in Russia and knew its leaders in 1930s, Charles E . Bohlen, a novel academic discipline known as Kremlinology. In around Chamberlain-Bohlen circle,  orbited other anti-communist crusaders such  as George Kennan, Isaiah Berlin, A.A. Berle former Secretary of State general William Donovan former head of the OSS, ancestor of the CIA, Allen W . Dulles, OSS representative in Switzerland, Joseph C . Grew, and Arthur Bliss lane, former Ambassadors.

William Chamberlain’s « theory » of totalitarianism had been exposed in his book  » America’s second crusade, Chicago, Illinois, Henry Regnery Company, 1950″ where he expressed his debt and his gratitude to the founding fathers of the American warmongers after the WWII. in his Chapter 2, titled Communism and fascism, Offspring of the war, Chamberlain drew the founding scheme of what would be the imaginative story of totalitarianism, invented out of nothing by well and garssely paid western intelligentsia enlisted by the CIA and its numerous hidden agencies with the double mission, denigrate the Soviet communism and promote the pax Americana. Chamberlain’s ideological scheme was going to serve as model for the CIA’s  propaganda tool and for its pen’s mercenary, for anti communist crusaders,  for the western intelligentsia, for the Schlesingers, for the Arendts and Arons, for the Talmons, generally for « kampgruppe, a fighting squad unequivocally pledged to toppling Communism » (F . Stonor Saunders, Who paid the piper, p. 77)

Chamberlain’s ideological scaffolding of totalitarianism and its main features can be summed up as follows.

  1. Totalitarianism was offspring of the First World War
  2. the fathers founders of totalitalariansm were Vladimir Ilytich Lenin, Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler
  3. totalitarianism is a new type of plebeian dictatorship which had been begotten by the despair, brutalization and discarding of old economic forms and moral restraints associated to the First Wold War
  4.  Totalitarianism was a new kind of state based on the unlimited power of a single political party and this party regarded itself as an elite
  5. Totalirainsim is characterized by submission of the individual to a powerful state which paralyze and annihilate the dindivual’s will
  6. the all-powerfull and supposedly infaillible leaders who have been subject to no check or limit in law or public opinion
  7. Under Communism, fascism and nazism, only a single suling pary allowed to exist legally . parliaments in the Soviet Union, germany and Italy became mere rubber stamps for teh registration of the party décisions
  8. Under totalitarian regimes voting is virtually unanimous and altoghter meaningless no voice for independent criticism is ever heard
  9. Communism, fascism and nazism had teh monopole of propaganda, terrorism and flatetry of the masses. All three dictatrosphips developed very powerful methods for molding teh minds of the epople Under theri rule
  10. Under Communism, fascism and nazism there are Citizen, there aere only sub ject who had been envelopped in a cloud of state-directed propaganda; from the carddle to teh grave teh diea is drummed into his head through the newspapers, teh scholls, teh ardio, that he is living in the best of all possible wolrds, taht his highest glory and happiness are to be found in serving the existing regime.
  11. al open counetrpropaganda and free dsicusion are ibanned and impossible Those indivduals who arer not again convereted  the re was always the grim threta of the secrete political police, cheka, OGPU, NKVD, the MVD in Russia, gestapo in germany and teh Ovra in italy
  12. Under Communism, fascism and Nazism the Citizen enjoys not the slightest defense against the arbitrary violence of the state; he can be seized held in prison sent to a concentration camp, tortured killed all without the publicity which would inspire in some resisters the sprit of martyrdom more that his family exposed to reprisals if he falls into disfavour. A soviet law, published in the spring of 1934 authorizes the banishment « to remote parts of Siberia » of the relatives of a Soviet Citizen who leaves the country without permission Totalitarian secret police organizations habitually employ threats against relatives as a means of extorting confessions.
  13. Exaltation of militarism. Every soviet family, school, or political organization is in duty bound to instil in the Soviet youth from the earliest age those qualities necessary to the Red soldier : military sprit, a love of war, endurance, self-reliance and boundless loyalty; This statement appeared in Komsomol-skaya Pravda, official organ of the Soviet Union of Communist Youth on may 21, 1941. One of the reasons for abolishing coeducation in soviet elementary schools was to give boys an earlier start on military starting
  14. full government control of Labor power  in this field the original methods of the totalitarian regimes Communism started out as a violent social revolution expropriating all kinds of private property which profit was derived and confiscating almost all private wealth; Labor was organized, regimented and prorpagndized in very similar fashion Under all three regimes. The labor movement in russia, in germany and in Italy were run by Communist, Nazis and fascists . the individual worker came always second to the supposed intérêts of the state and the Policy of the ruling party
  15. widespread use of slave labor this a a natural and logical conséquences of the Communist-fascist belief that the individual ahs no rights which the state is bound to respect. Nazi-imposed forced labor came to an end with the mùiliatry colaspes of germany in 1945. so a vast network of slave-labor réservations which no indepenedent foreign investigator has ever been allwoed to visit mostly located in northern Russia and Siberia developepd Under the direction of the political police s. Serious students of the subject estimate that there may be eight or ten million human beings in the Soviet labor camps. The methods of punsihment make negro slavery in the United States before the Civil War seem almost humane
  16. Hostility to religion dictatoshipare inevitbly hostile to any form of belief in a trasncendetn moral law with divine sacntions. ths modern dictator’s frirts demadn on his subjectsis unconditonal obedience the totaliatrina state recognizes no distinction between what is due to God and what is due to Caesar. the soviet Governement has persecuted all forms of religion
  17. chauvinism and antionalism Hitler and Mussolini made a national supeirority complex the very basis of their creeds the nazi »master race » theory has been denouced and aprodied soviet communsim preached and still preaches a doctrien of internaitonal revolution to be accomapgnied by an abolition of racila and antioanl disticntions but communist theory and russian rpactice have become  Stalin has been cultivating a form of Russian »mster arce » delusion this takes the form of announcing that some unknown or litthe-known Russian ahs anticipated almost
  18. The cultivation of fear hatred and suspicion of the outside world these were the three stock themes of the Nazi propaganda master Josef Goebbels and his counterparts in the Soviet Union and in Italy. the propaganda machines are adept in conjuring up demons to serve as scapegoats Jews in Germany, for instance Trotskyites saboteurs « grovelers before the West » in Russia. Normal free contacts with foreign countries are discouraged and forbidden  this policy has been carried to its greatest extreme in Russia  few foreigners are admitted to that country and they find themselves under constant police surveillance Foreign anti-communist newspapers are not sold and Russians may not receive them. Hitler and Mussolini never imposed such a complete blackout on foreign contacts;  But these was a constant attempt by Nazi and Fascist propagandists to cultivate a spriti of bellicose suspicion of foreigners as spies. Under all three dictatorships it was stock procedure to represent independent foreign journalists as malicious slanderers
  19. the most ominous common trait of the totalitarian creeds is an almost paranoid conviction of world-conquering mission. belief that the Russian revolution is only the first step toward a Communist Revolution that will encompass the entire globe is the every essence of Lenin’s and Stalin’s teachings. in his book problems of Leninism which has in Russia all authority which Hitler’s mein Kampf possessed in Nazi Germany, Stalin quotes with approval the following statement by Lenin . Hitler’s idea of Teutonic racial destiny is an equivalent of Stalin’s and Lenin’s faith in the messianic role of the proletariat and the international revolutionary Communist movement. Both Communism and Nazism created fifth columns(the Communist far more numerous and better organized) and thereby contributed one of the great divisive and subversive forces of modern times. and Mussolini boasted that » if every century has its peculiar doctrine, there are a thousand indications that fascism is that of the twentieth century
  20. Common trait of the Soviet and Nazi brands of totalitarianism is the capacity and willingness to commit atrocities(in the full sense of that much abused word) on a scale that makes the most ruthless and oppressive governments in the nineteenth century seem positively humanitarian. the Nazi slaughter of millions of Jews during the war stand on a lonely pinnacle of state-inspired criminality if it were not for much less publicized horrors which must be laid to the account of the Soviet regime First of these was the « liquidation of the kulaks as a class » officially decreed in March 1930; under this procedure hundreds of thousands of peasant families whose only crime that they were a little more prosperous than their neighbours were stripped of all their possessions and impressed into slave labour.  there were no gas-chamber of kulaks but many perished as a result of overwork underfeeding and maltreatment. Second was the man-made famine in the Ukraine and the North Caucasus in 1932-33; this was not a  an unavoidable natural disaster it was a deliberate reprisal inflicted by the government on the peasants because of their failure to work enthusiastically in the collective farms several millions people perished in the famine Third was the establishment of a vast system of slave labour as normal feature of the Soviet economy this system is far more cruel than was serfdom in Russia before the abolition in 1861 or slavery in the United states before Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation proclamation just because it I s completely dehumanized

 

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Totalitarianism according to the CIA sponsored western intelligentsia (1)

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Totalitarianism according to the CIA sponsored western intelligentsia(1)

After the failure of the First anti-Reds crusade waged by the western powers, the United States, Britain, France, helped by their fascist proxy states, during the Bolshevik revolution and the interwar years, began in the aftermath of the Second World War, a second anti-communist crusade, this time, an ideological struggle aiming at nudging « the intelligentsia of western Europe away from its lingering fascination with Marxism and Communism towards a view more accommodating of the « American way » ( Frances Stonor Saunders, who paid the piper ? the CIA and the cultural cold war, London, Granta Books, 2000, first edition, 1999, page 1). In order to wage its worldwide anti-communist crusade, or inversely, to, communism and its contagion of the elites in the West, and in the same time to promote and to accompany the spread of the newly pax America,   the incipient CIA started from 1947 by enlisting an army of mercenary of the thought ( writers, poets, artists,  historians, scientists, journalists) and by building up « highly influential network of intelligentsia personal, political strategies, the corporate establishment », and  by stockpile of  » vast arsenal of cultural weapons : journals, books, conferences, seminars » (Ibid pp 1-2) The mercenaries of the thought recruited by the CIA had to wage a psychological war based on a broad campaign of persuasion, of a propaganda war  aiming at disseminating « information or  particular doctrine by means of news, special arguments or  appeals designed to influence the thoughts and actions of any given group » (Ibid p. 2)

the first step in this anti-communist crusade was to proceed to the demolition of the heroic and epic legend of the Russians, its leadership and its red Army which defeated at Stalingrad the German Juggernaut ending the dream of Hitler and his appeasers and supporters in Europe and in the United States to get rid of the Soviet Union and from communism. For tghus purpose, had been created both in the United States following the enunciation of the truamn doctrine, as specialized agency in the psychological warfare within the CIA and in Britain, the Information Research Department which had been set in February 1948 by Clement Atlee’s government whose mission was to attack communism and to « get rid of the Good Old Uncle Joe(Stalin) myth build up  during the war » (F. Stonor Saunders, ibid.pp 58-59) . In both sides of the Atlantic, had been recruited an army of intellectual workers working for the American and British governments  in their propaganda departments whose aim was to blacken the reputation of the Soviet union and the victor of barbaric Nazism, Stalin,  who after being a God in the past now became a pariah. In order to make more efficacious and percussive the anti Soviet and anti Stalin propaganda, the strategists in both the CIA and the IRD’s Psychological warfare department  had as target three kinds of recruit : the Trotskyists, the old communist renegades and members of the Non-Communist Left (NCL)

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Comparative study : Nazi Germany and Soviet Union, why not Nazi Germany, the USA and Britian ?

Hitler roosevelt
Our Common enemy : Bolshevism

Comparative study : Nazi Germany and Soviet Union, why not Nazi Germany, the USA  and Britain ?

At the end of the Second World War, began a second anti-communist crusade led by the new hegemonic power, the United States of America. the first anti-Bolshevik and anti-Soviet crusade waged by the United States and its European satellites had woefully failed. After the crushing Red Army epic and heroic resistance opposed in Stalingrad by the Russian people and its leadership at the price of millions of dead and huge destruction of the country, the Soviet Union emerged from the war as a rival superpower to Western hegemony, to the Jus Publicum europaeum, and to the American Century. Then began the Second Crusade, the ideological crusade against the Soviet Union, its political pattern and its leadership especially Stalin caricatured by the Black legend of Stalinism. This ideological crusade appeared through a Historical revisionism and historiography shaped in the likeness of American cultural, ideological and political imperialism in Europe and over the world. A lively historiography developed in the USA practised discriminative and ideological and Manichaean oversimplification of the historical picture. During this second anti-communist crusade, the appropriate weapon in the hands of American elites and western intelligentsia began a new and intense era of revisionism.

The striking example of this historical revisonim has been illustrated by the inculcation of Pavlov’s theory of conditioned reflexes associating falsely and wrongly, widespread by intense western propaganda, consisting of comparing political and ideological and economic  systems that all separated, mixing and putting in the same boat the racist Hitler and the anti racist  Stalin, the imperialist and expansionist Nazi Germany and fascist Italy with the anti-imperialist and ardent defender and the credo of the Bolsheviks and  Communist Russia, the defense of the colonized peoples victims over centuries of western imperialism over centuries.

 

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American and British anti-communist crusade during the WWII

Atalntic charter

American and British anti-communist crusade during the WWII 1939-1945

On June 22, 1941, German troops invaded Russia’s borders, from the Baltic to the Black Sea. Finland, Hungary Rumania and Italy joined in the War. The first gesture of American and European political establishment was they all were overjoyed cherishing fondly the idea that Nazi Germany represented the only bulwark against Bolshevism and that Hitler was the only western leader having enough power to get rid the whole world of Communism.  Senator Robert A . Taft expressed the state of mind of the American political establishment and also the European appeasers by declaring » A victory for communism would be far more dangerous to the United states than a victory for Fascism » (quoted by Foster rhea Dulles, The Road to Teheran).

After the invasion and occupation of France, it was Britain’s turn where German bombers had spread fear and terror among Britons. Now, British leaders, those who had helped Hitler and Nazi Germany to relive during the interwar years through the appeasement policy, were well aware that Britain could never defeat Germany without tremendous military aid. Winston Churchill anti-communist crusade was common knowledge, he who had been the power house of Britiain’s huge effort to ward out Bolchevism in Russia during the wars of intervention from 1918 to 1920. in his greatest war-time radio speeches Churchill had said no word of his anti-communist crusade. For the British political establishment, it was matter of life or death and no matter how could be the ally able to save the power, be it communist.

When Hitler invaded Russia, the anti-communist political class both in United States and Europe was convinced that Soviet Russia was doomed to quick conquest and Russia would soon be eliminated from the war and the Soviets would be smashed quickly before aid could arrive. American War Department intelligence officers estimated only one to three months the German campaign in the Soviet Union and this opinion was widespread among military officers in both the United States and Britain they all agreed that the Germans would slash through Russia like a knife through butter and most gave the Reds no more than four to six weeks. This miscalculation was the product of western ideological blindness based on the impression that the Soviet system was a totalitarian system being maintained  only by terror, purges and the so called Gulag system. This false ideas had been deepened by Russia’s poor performance in the early stages of the war with Finland.

After four weeks of heroic resistance opposed by Russia’s armies to Nazi war machine, which was longer than the minimum life assigned to the Soviet government, American and British leadership began a new stratagem toward Communist Russia shaped at Argentia Conference off Newfoundland on August 9, 1941 at which the Atlantic Charter was drawn up. At this meeting, it was  decided to send a joint mission to Moscow for « help to Russia » through a lend-lease which was only a trickle and ridiculous support regarding the huge military need to resist the Nazi war machine. The Russians had turned the tide at Stalingrad before the alleged American and British help arrived.

the Atlantic Charter must be considered as the first step in the American and British anti-communist crusade during the second World War. This was confirmed by President Roosevelt’s message sent on December 5, 1941, to British Foreign Minister Anthony Eden preventing him of any agreement with Stalin about political agreement concerning Russia’s 1940 boundaries and in eastern Europe..

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American and European anti-communist crusade in the interwar years

ANTO BOLCH

American and European anti-communist crusade in the interwar years 1918-1939

the formative period of American and European anti-communist crusade began not in the aftermath of the Second World War, but  in the first three decades of Bolshevik power. American and European anti-Communist crusade abided essentially unchanged into the Cold War era. As showed by Denan Frank Fleming in his massive two volumes on the Cold War and its origins, the s called Cold War has rooted in the Bolchevik Red Revolution of 1917.  Frances Stonor Saunders in his seminal work on the CIA and the cultural cold war, depicts the strategy of the CIA which, through myriad of cultural networks and especially through its Congress for Cultural Freddom  run by CIA agent Michael Josselson from 1950 to 1967, succeeded by  gathering   under the label of anticommunism respectively, liberals, conservatives and an anti-communist left in Europe especially where there were strong communist parties like in France and Italy.

The idea of containment of communism do not date from the Truman doctrine but had been really implemented by the victors of the First World War through the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and through the creation out of nothing of proxy states aiming at playing the role of what we called the Cordon sanitaire. This same idea of containment of communism had been also reaffirmed in 1921 in the Colby Note implemented to an extent, and coupled with trade, mutual engagement and collectivist social reform at home and through international agencies such as the ILO. This idea survived unchanged into the Cold War era. With the rise of the Soviet Union as great power in the aftermath of the Second World War, American and European had been stiffened breaking with the a soft » containment existent in the interwar years had been accused to be accomplice with the advance of communism and not its containment.

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